The Syrian Archive is a Syrian led-initiative striving to promote sustainable peace and respect for human rights within Syrian society through facilitating justice and accountability efforts. This includes evidence gathering and documentation of incidents; the acknowledgment that war crimes and human rights violations have been committed by all parties to the conflict; the identification of perpetrators to end the cycle of impunity; and the development of a process of justice and reconciliation.
Through collecting, verifying, curating and investigating visual evidence, the Syrian Archive aims to preserve data as a digital memory to establish a database of human rights violations, and to act as a tool for legally implementing justice and accountability efforts as concept and practice in Syria.
Since its founding in 2014, the Syrian Archive have collaborated with organisations including Human Rights Watch (HRW), Amnesty International, Bellingcat and various agencies of the United Nations (UN), specifically the <a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx">Independent International Commission of Inquiry</a> on the Syrian Arab Republic.
The following <a href="https://syrianarchive.org/en/database?location=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%20:%20%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8&after=2016-07-01&before=2016-12-31">visual evidence dataset</a> complements and supports recent efforts by different groups which have been assisted by the Syrian Archive to report human right violations in Aleppo between July and Dec 2016. Those efforts include:
<ul>
<li>UN Human Rights Council (Feb. 2017): &quot;<a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx">Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic</a>&quot;
</li>
<li>Atlantic Council (Feb. 2017): &quot;<a href="http://www.publications.atlanticcouncil.org/breakingaleppo/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BreakingAleppo.pdf">Breaking Aleppo</a>&quot;
</li>
<li>Human Rights Watch (Feb. 2017): &quot;<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/13/syria-coordinated-chemical-attacks-aleppo">Coordinated Chemical Attacks on Aleppo&quot;</a>
</li>
<li>Various investigations by (July 2016 - March 2017 ) <a href="https://www.bellingcat.com/?s=syria">Bellingcat</a>.
</li>
</ul>
In this report, the Syrian Archive will describe and investigate a new <a href="https://syrianarchive.org/en/database?location=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%20:%20%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8&after=2016-07-01&before=2016-12-31">visual evidence dataset of 1748 videos</a> of human rights violations in Aleppo city and the surrounding suburbs in the period between July 2016 and Dec 2016.
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While attacks and violations have been committed by all parties including the <a href="https://airwars.org/civilian-casualty-claims/">International coalition</a> and Turkish forces, the visual evidence shows that the Syrian and Russian forces were responsible for the largest amount of human rights violations in Aleppo city and its suburbs during this period. These violations include:
<ul>
<li>Attacks against hospitals, medical units, ambulances, schools, water stations, markets, mosques, bakeries and residential areas;</li>
<li>The use of illegal weapons such as incendiary weapons and chemical weapons against civilians;</li>
<li>Unlawful attacks on residential areas using cluster munitions;</li>
<li>Attacks against humanitarian aid workers and citizen journalists;</li>
<li>Attacks against women and children;</li>
<li>Forced displacement of civilians.</li>
</ul>
[Download PDF of the report]<a href="https://media.syrianarchive.org/blog/5th_blog/Eyes%20on%20Aleppo.pdf">11</a>
<h2>Research Methodology</h2>
This section will provide an overview of the methodology used by the Syrian Archive in carrying out this research. The methodology section will be broken into the following sub-sections:
A) Identification, collection and secure preservation methodology; B) Initial verification methodology; C) In-depth verification methodology.
<h3>A. Identification, collection and secure preservation methodology</h3>
The Syrian Archive has divided its collection and archival methodology into five distinct steps:
<ol>
<li>Establish database of credible sources for content; </li>
<li>Establish database of credible sources for verification; </li>
<li>Establish standardised metadata schema; </li>
<li>Record additional metadata, and; </li>
<li>Collect, store, hash, and timestamp visual evidence from verified sources.</li>
</ol>
These five steps are presented and outlined in greater detail in the visualisation below
<img src="/uploads/workflow_1f819b4c5a.png" alt="workflow">
Step 1 : Establish database of credible sources for content 
The Syrian Archive has identified more than three hundred sources through following credible and verified social media accounts and channels of individual citizen journalists and larger media houses, such as. YouTube, Facebook and Telegram. Many of those providing video documentation began to do so in late 2011 or early 2012 and have published their work in other credible media outlets as well. It is important to note that many if not all of these sources are partisan, and thus require caution with regards to their claims. 
Trusted sources report from different cities in Syria in order to spread news and information about alleged violations occurring in their areas. The Syrian Archive works with field reporters like Yasser Al-Haj, a journalist from Aleppo who began his career in 2012 and continues working until today.
The Syrian Archive also works with local and international news agencies, human rights organisations, as well as the Syrian Civil Defense (more colloquially known as the White Helmets) team, local field clinics and hospitals. Additionally, some video evidence analysed was sent to the Syrian Archive directly by reporters and was not previously been posted on social media platforms.
Step 2 : Establish database of credible sources for verification
The Syrian Archive has established a trusted team of citizen journalists and human rights defenders based in Syria who provide additional information used for verification of content originating on social media platforms or sent from sources directly.
Step 3 : Establish standardised metadata scheme
The Syrian Archive organizes the preserved materials by cataloging them according to the categories used by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, set up by the UN OHCHR in 2011. These categories include:
<ul>
<li>Massacres and other unlawful killing </li>
<li>Arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention </li>
<li>Hostage-taking </li>
<li>Enforced disappearance </li>
<li>Torture and ill-treatment of detainees </li>
<li>Sexual and gender-based violence </li>
<li>Violations of children&#39;s rights </li>
<li>Unlawful attacks </li>
<li>Violations against specifically protected persons and objects </li>
<li>Use of illegal weapons </li>
<li>Sieges and violations of economic, social and cultural rights </li>
<li>Arbitrary and forcible displacement</li>
</ul>
Additional value is added to the material by recording as much metadata and chain of custody information as possible. The recording of location, date and origin of video evidence are done in order to contextualise the material and help users identify and understand when, where and what happened in a specific incident. The full metadata schema can be seen in this section.
Step 4 : Collect, store, hash and timestamp video evidence from verified sources
To ensure that the original content is not lost due to removal on corporate platforms, visual evidence from credible social media channels is scraped and stored securely on external backend servers before it goes through basic verification. Videos are hashed with (SHA-256) and timestamped to ensure they are not tampered with after scraped from social media platforms or taken directly from sources.
<h3>B. Initial verification methodology</h3>
Similar to the archival and collection methodology, the initial verification methodology is also broken into five distinct steps:
<ol>
<li>Aggregate metadata from visual evidence; </li>
<li>Verify the source of the video; </li>
<li>Verify the location of the video; </li>
<li>Verify the dates in which the video was filmed and uploaded, and; </li>
<li>Publish verified video evidence on the Syrian Archive&#39;s online database.</li>
</ol>
These five steps will be discussed in further detail.
Step 1 : Aggregate metadata from visual evidence
Metadata from visual evidence sent directly or scraped from social media websites is parsed and aggregated using a predefined and standardised metadata scheme, as described above. This prepares the visual evidence for initial verification. Some of the metadata includes: Upload date and time, uploader&#39;s name, title and description of the video, location and device used to upload the video.
Step 2 : Verify the source of the video
To verify the source of the video, it needs to be established that the source of the video on the Syrian Archive&#39;s verified list of credible sources. If the source is not an existing trusted source, determine the new source&#39;s credibility by evaluating:
<ul>
<li>Whether the source is familiar to the Syrian Archive or to its existing professional network of Syrian journalists and media activists; </li>
<li>Whether the source&#39;s content and reportage been reliable in the past. This is determined by evaluating how long the source has been reporting and how active they are; </li>
<li>Where the source is based. This is determined by evaluating whether videos uploaded are consistent and mostly from a specific location where the source is based; </li>
<li>Whether the video account uses a logo and whether this logo is consistently used across videos; </li>
<li>Whether the uploader aggregates videos from other news organisations and YouTube accounts, or whether they upload mostly user-generated content.</li>
</ul>
Step 3 : Verify the location of the video
Each video has gone through basic geolocation to verify that it has been captured in Syria. More in-depth geolocation was conducted in order to verify that videos from this dataset were captured in Aleppo. This has been done by comparing reference points (e.g. buildings, mountains ranges, trees, minarets) with satellite imagery from Google Earth, Microsoft Bing, and DigitalGlobe, as well as OpenStreetMap imagery and geolocated photographs from Panoramio. In addition to this, the Syrian Archive has referenced the Arabic spoken in videos against known regional accents and dialects within Syria to further verify location of videos. When possible, the Syrian Archive has contacted the source directly in order to confirm the location, and cross-referenced video evidence by consulting existing networks of journalists operating inside and outside Syria to confirm the locations of specific incidents.
Step 4 : Verify the dates in which the video was filmed and uploaded
The Syrian Archive has verified the date of capturing the video by cross referencing the publishing date on social media platforms (e.g. YouTube and Facebook) with dates from reports concerning the same incident. Sources for reports used for cross-referencing include:
<ul>
<li>News reports from international and local media outlets, including Reuters, Smart News Agency, Aleppo Media Center, Qasioun News Agency, LCC; </li>
<li>Human rights reports published by international and local organisations, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Syrian Human Rights Network, Violations Documentation Center in Syria, Syrian American Medical Society, and Physicians for Human Rights; </li>
<li>Reports shared by the Syrian Archive&#39;s network of citizen reporters on Twitter, Facebook and Telegram about the incidents.</li>
</ul>
Step 5 : Published verified video evidence to Syrian Archive database
After videos have gone through the basic verification process, they are backed up and uploaded to the Syrian Archive website where they are made publicly available in a free and open-source format.
<h3>C. In-depth verification methodology</h3>
In some cases, the Syrian Archive is able to conduct in-depth online open source investigations. Videos and other open source materials shared online are used in order to understand the incident and verify the veracity of claims made about incidents. Time and capacity limitations means not all incidents are able to be analysed in-depth, however by developing a replicable workflow it is hoped that others can assist in these efforts of investigate other incidents using similar methods. The methodology for in-depth verification is highlighted in several of the case studies included later in this report.
<h2>Further research</h2>
Though the battle for control of Aleppo city is now over, human rights research into violations committed during this time will continue for many years to come. In this report, the Syrian Archive has described a dataset of verified visual evidence of human rights violations in the battle for Aleppo.
In-depth analysis was able to be for only a few incidents identified. Further research is needed for other incidents which have not previously been reported on. Limited capacities mean that the Syrian Archive has not yet been able to conduct investigations on all incidents identified. It is hoped that additional time and resources will allow for further in-depth investigations of remaining incidents in the coming months.
Most video documentation provided in this report refers to crime-based evidence. That is, evidence connected to the scene of the crime rather than the person who commits an offence. Further research is needed to unravel and connect the linkages between crime and perpetrator based evidence.
Nonetheless, it is hoped that this research provides an evidence base for future investigations from civil society groups, journalists, human rights researchers, and international human rights organisations and governmental bodies. If you are interested in using our database for future human research, please do get in touch. You can reach us at [<a href="mailto:info@syrianarchive.org">info@syrianarchive.org</a>][1].
<h2>Errors, corrections and feedback</h2>
The Syrian Archive strives for accuracy and transparency of process in our reporting and presentation. That said, it is recognised that the information publicly available for particular events can at times be limited. Our video datasets are therefore organically maintained, and represent our best present understanding of alleged incidents.
If you have new information about a particular event; if you find an error in our work - or if you have concerns about the way we are reporting our data - please do engage with us. You can reach us at <a href="mailto:info@40syrianarchive.org">info@syrianarchive.org</a>.
<h2>Sections:</h2>

Eyes on Aleppo - Visual Evidence Analysis of Human Rights Violations Committed in Aleppo

Eyes on Aleppo

medium_index-eoa.png

small_index-eoa.png

thumbnail_index-eoa.png

index-eoa.png

Summary of Findings - Eyes on Aleppo

eoa-summary.png

This section provides a summary of incidents identified by the Syrian Archive in analysis of its violation database. Incidents to be investigated include those where incendiary munitions were used, those in which cluster munitions were used unlawfully, and those against specifically protected persons and objects.
The Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of forty-three (43) unique violations incidents in which cluster munitions were used. Ten (10) incidents involving cluster munitions occurring in July 2016, starting with a 7 July attack in the Kafr Hamrah district of Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident but was unable to determine which type of cluster munition was used. Two incidents on 9 July were identified, with on the Al Salhin district of Aleppo and one in the Al Shaar district of Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify two (2) videos of the first incident and one (1) video of the second incident. For the first incident, the Syrian Archive has been able to identify the type of cluster munition used, in this case, SHoAB-0.5. For the second incident, it was not possible to determine cluster munition type.
An attack on 10 July in the Bshantara district of Aleppo was identified, as well as an attack on a convoy the following day on 11 July in Aleppo&#39;s Termaneen district. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to the first incident and two (2) videos related to the second incident. In the first incident, the Syrian Archive was able to determine the type of cluster munition and submunition, PTAB-1M and RBK-500. For the second incident, the Syrian Archive was also able to determine the type of cluster munition and submunition involved, in this case AO-2.5RT/RTM and RBK-500.
Incidents on 14 July and on 16 July were identified as having occurred in Al Salhin district and Al-Jinah district of Aleppo respectively, with the Syrian Archive collecting and verifying one (1) video for each. For the 14 July incident submunitions were able to be identified (AO-2.5RT/RTM) and for the 16 July incident both munition (RBK-500) and submunition (ShOAB-0.5) were able to be identified.
An incident was identified as having occurred on 21 July in Harithan, Aleppo. For this, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. It was not possible to determine the type of cluster munitions used. Lastly, two attacks on 26 July were found to have occurred in Hayyan and Anadan, Aleppo with Syrian Archive collecting and verifying one (1) video related to each of these incident. It was not possible to determine cluster munition types for either of these incidents.
The Syrian Archive was able to identify 10 unique incidents involving cluster munitions in August 2016. The first incident occurred on 1 August in Aleppo city, the Syrian Archive was unable to determine in which neighbourhood this incident occurred however it was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munition types were unable to be identified. The second incident occurred on 3 August in the Al atarib district of Aleppo and the third incident on 5 August in Kafar Naha district. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to each of these incidents. For the 3 August incident, the Syrian Archive was able to determine the cluster munition type AO-2.5RT/RTM, however was unable to do so for the 5 August incident.
Another incident was found to have occurred on 12 August for which the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify three (3) videos. For this incident, the Syrian Archive was able to identify specific cluster submunitions (AO-2.5RT/RTM).
Three incidents were found to have occurred on 20 August: 1) in Al-Mashhad and Salah Al-Din neighborhoods; 2) in Al-Zibdeh district; and 3) In Anadan. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to each of these three incidents. For the first incident, the Syrian Archive was able to determine specific cluster submunitions (ShOAB-0.5), however was unable to do so for the others.
On 21 August, two incidents were identified, one in an undetermined neighbourhood of Aleppo, and the other in Urum al-Kubra. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to each of these two incidents, but was unable to determine specific cluster munition type. The final incident identified having occurred in August was on 30 August in the Al atarib district of Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify three (3) video related to this incident. Cluster munitions were able to be identified (AO-2.5RT/RTM and RBK-500).
The Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of 7 incidents involving cluster munitions occurring during September 2016. On 22 September, an incident was identified as having occured in Khan al-Asl, Aleppo, for which the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) related video. Cluster submunition type was able to be identified (ShOAB-0.5).
The following day on 23 September, an incident was found to have occurred in Al Mashhad and Sukkari neighbourhood in Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident but was unable to determine cluster munition type. The following day on 24 September, an incident in Bustan al-Qasr neighborhood was identified. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify two (2) videos related to this incident. Cluster munition (RBK-500) and submunition types (ShAOB-0.5) were able to be determined.
On 25 September three incidents have been identified: 1) in the Salah el Deen neighborhood of Aleppo; 2) in the Al Mashhad neighborhood of Aleppo; and 3) in Urum al-Kabra. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify two (2) videos related to this first incident, and one (1) video related to the second and third incident. Cluster munition types were unable to be determined for these incidents.
The final cluster munition incident identified by the Syrian Archive to have occurred in September occurred the following day on 26 September in the Al Mashhad neighbourhood in Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident. Specific cluster munition types were unable to be identified.
The Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of 5 cluster munition incidents occurring in Aleppo during October 2016, starting with an attack on 1 October near Al-Sakhour hospital for which the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify four (4) videos. The Syrian Archive was also able to determine that PTAB-1M munitions were used in the incident.
Two days later on 3 October, another incident occurred in the Al-Ansari district of Aleppo for which the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munitions were unable to be identified. On 4 October and 6 October, two incidents involving cluster bombs were found to have occurred, both of which in the Kafar Naha district of Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to each of these incidents. In both cases, AO-2.5RT/RTM munitions were identified.
The Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of 10 incidents involving cluster bombs in Aleppo during the November 2016 period. The first incident occurred on 4 November within Aleppo city, The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident, however was unable to determine in which neighbourhood this incident occurred or specific munitions used. On 6 November, an incident was found to have occurred in the khan Touman district of Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident but was unable to determine specific munitions used. On 9 November and 16 November, the Syrian Archive determined two more incidents occurred, both in Urum al-Kubra. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to each of these two incidents. For both incidents the Syrian Archive was unable to identify specific munition types.
Two days later on 18 November, another incident was found to have occurred in Kafar Naseh. For this incident, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munitions were also able to be identified (PTAB-1M). On 20 November, an incident was identified, occurring within the Al-Shaar district of Aleppo city. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify two (2) videos related to this incident.
On 24 November, 25 November, and 26 November, incidents were determined to have occurred in Bab Al Nerab district, Al-Shaar district, and Al-Shaar district, respectively. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify two (2) videos related to the incident on the 24th, one (1) video related to the video on the 25th, and one (1) video related to the incident on the 26th. In all three incidents, specific munitions were unable to be identified. The final incident identified to have occurred in November 2016 occurred on 28 November in Kafar Karmin, Aleppo. For this, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. The Syrian Archive was additionally able to identify AO-2.5RT/RTM submunitions were used in the incident.
The Syrian Archive was able to identify one (1) incident involving cluster munitions occurring in December 2016. On 23 December, an incident was identified in Khan al-Asl, Aleppo for which the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific cluster munition model types were unable to be identified.
A table describing the date, location, reported civilian casualties, reported civilian injuries, type of munition used, and links to the video footage is provided in the Appendix of this report.
In-depth analysis of one incident occurring in the <a href="https://www.google.de/maps/place/36%C2%B011'08.1%22N+37%C2%B009'34.2%22E/@36.1855833,37.158618,298m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d36.185583!4d37.159493?hl=en">Al Saleheen district of Aleppo city</a> on 9 July 2016 is provided below. For this investigation, videos and other open source materials shared online were used in order to understand the incident and verify the veracity of claims made about the attack. Similar in-depth analysis of other incidents involving cluster munitions described in the Appendix should be conducted, however time and capacity limitations meant that the Syrian Archive was unable to do so as of the date of publication.
<h2>First moments of the 9 July 2016 Al Saleheen attack</h2>
On July 9, 2016, a video was published on YouTube by the user &quot;احمد qwaszx احمد&quot; which showed a large fire at the gas station of the Al Saleheen district as a result of an alleged Russian airstrike (as described in the video title). Sounds of ambulance cars at the nearby impact site can clearly be heard.
 <iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qvCI17LRIJA" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe>

A second video the Syrian Archive collected and preserved was published on YouTube by the user &quot;dibo madraty&quot; on July 10, 2016. This second video mentions an attack targeting a gas station in Al Saleheen district, stating that workers might be in the gas station at the time of the attack. It is possible to, in this video, identify a minaret as well as smoke behind it as a result of an attack. It is also possible to hear the sound of the car ambulance, as in the case of the first video.
 <iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cu1lHzGYJgQ" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe>

The Syrian Archive collected a photo of Al Salheen gas station <a href="https://www.facebook.com/409669172457466/photos/a.415330965224620.94847.409669172457466/523157401108642/?type=3&theater">posted on Facebook in October 17, 2013</a>. Comparing the photo found with the above first video, it becomes apparent that the gas station attacked in the first video is the same gas station as that of the photo found on Facebook. 
<img src="/uploads/2_gas_station_afcb5d63f5.jpg" alt="2_gas_station">
We identified the roofs comparing the photo above with the videos we have found online.
<img src="/uploads/2gasstation_1970686a1d.png" alt="2gasstation"><img src="/uploads/roofs1_fffae8a37c.png" alt="roofs1">
A third video originally published by Halab News Network on July 9, 2016 and later preserved by the Syrian Archive, features an aircraft involved in the same Al Saleheen attack, as well as the attack&#39;s first moments.
<iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tcbJ1G7N9qQ" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe>

A still of the aircraft allegedly used in the attack is provided below. 
<img src="/uploads/plane1_1f0347037f.png" alt="plane1">
In this same video, it is possible to identify the bomb falling from the plane onto Al Saleheen, as visible on the still from the video below.
<img src="/uploads/plane2_2ebc9061e6.png" alt="plane2"> 
The Syrian Archive geolocated the position of the citizen journalist who filmed this video - he was first standing in a cemetery in front of &quot;<a href="http://wikimapia.org/35781586/Maqam-Ibrahim-al-Salihin">Maqam Ibrahim al Salihin,&quot; as the place is tagged on Wikimapia</a>.
Later, in the same video, the Syrian Archive geolocated another filming position based on the palm trees identified close to the impact site, as seen in the video still below:
<img src="/uploads/plane3_c3e2b22326.png" alt="plane3"> 
Below is a video and a satellite image that show both positions from the above photos. 
<iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yIOsBDkx2ZI" width="690" height="445" frameborder="0"></iframe>

<img src="/uploads/HNN_Video_Camera_Position_fb9114a36e.jpg" alt="HNN_Video_CameraPosition.jpg"> 
This same video also shows members of the Syrian Civil Defence (more commonly known as &quot;the White Helmets&#39;) extinguishing the fire at the same gas station identified in the first video. This is visible on the still below. 
<img src="/uploads/10_800be55862.png" alt="10"> 
Civilians, including children, are also seen running from the fire at the impact site in the same video, as seen in the following still. 
<img src="/uploads/11_1d441f556a.png" alt="11"> 
On July 9, 2016, Aleppo Media Center additionally published a video on YouTube about the same attack. The Syrian Archive is able to determine this is the same attack due to the burned and damaged gas station appearing in the first video. See frames from video below: 
<img src="/uploads/12_2967dd3ce4.png" alt="12"> 
<img src="/uploads/13_1586d0ec7e.png" alt="13"> 
<h2>Cluster munition model</h2>
Through analysing multiple videos, the Syrian Archive was able to identify the specific cluster munition model used in the 9 July 2016 attack. In the same Aleppo Media Center video described above, a man is shown holding a <a href="http://sovetarmy.2x2forum.com/t222-topic">cluster submunition ShOAB-0.5</a>. See video frames below: 
<img src="/uploads/p5_4b0d82d5f2.png" alt="p5"> 
The man in the video is heard saying: &quot;There are injured people that we took to the hospital, and we don&#39;t know what is going to happen to them. Look at the bombs they are attacking us with, but we will keep staying in Aleppo.&quot; 
<img src="/uploads/14_3c7eba1524.png" alt="14"> 
The Syrian Archive was able to determine c<a href="http://sovetarmy.2x2forum.com/t222-topic">luster submunition ShOAB-0.5</a> were used based on diagrams of the munition <a href="http://fishki.net/1831321-chto-takoe-rbk-500-shoab-05.html/gallery-2955556/">freely available online</a>. 
<img src="/uploads/15_3cc6d0b3a7.png" alt="15"> 
&quot;ShOAB&quot; stands for Sharikovaya Oskolochnaya Aviatsionnaya Bomba, orspherical fragmentation aircraft bomb&quot;, and describes the fragmentation (anti-personnel) effect of these submunitions. The ShOAB-0.5 is loaded into the RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 cargo bomb, which contains a nominal 565 submunitions (+/- 5 pieces). Assembled, these bombs are 1950mm long, and weigh 334kg.
It should be noted that the diagram above shows a model without the aerodynamic fairing (nose cone). The bomb contains a central bursting charge for dispersing its payload. The ShOAB-0.5 bomblets themselves are derived from the US BLU-26 (and similar) series submunitions, and weigh approximately 417g each. They are 60mm diameter spheres, containing approximately 304 steel balls which act as shrapnel when dispersed by the 70g of TG-30 explosive compound (30% TNT, 70% RDX) contained within the cast steel shell. Several photos of RBK-500 SHAOB-0.5 bombs can be <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDCOtwT-KjQ">seen in a Ruptly RT video on Su-24 bomber</a>.
<h2>Geolocation of the attacked site</h2>
Analysing the photos and videos above, and, using Google Earth, the Syrian Archive was able to determine the <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/93ATbUXb4rt">exact location</a> of the cluster munition impact site. See below:
We have also obtained a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0VXK9KRjlQ&feature=youtu.be&t=1m10s">video by IRT (Instant Reporting Team) which filmed Al Saleheen district</a>.
 <iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e0VXK9KRjlQ" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe>

The video shows the impact site, the mosque (in purple), the gas station (in blue), the roofs (in green), the building next to the mosque (in yellow) as well as the palm trees (in red).
<img src="/uploads/20_8da144e113.jpg" alt="20"> 
Analysis of the munition remains above show that ShOAB-0.5 cluster bomb was used in an airstrike that targeted a civilian area, specifically a gas station, in the Al Saleheen district of Aleppo city on 9 July 2016. Alleged reports from the ground claimed this attack was carried by a Russian airstrike; journalists have previously found the SU-24 bombers at the Hmeim airbase engaged in the Syrian operation are armed with RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 cluster bombs. Attribution to the Russian air force is not certain however, as the Syrian government began using this specific type of munition in the early years of the conflict <a href="http://brown-moses.blogspot.de/2013/03/evidence-of-new-larger-cluster-bombs.html">as of 2013 and continues to as of the date of this publication.</a>

Specific incidents of unlawful attacks using cluster munitions - Eyes on Aleppo

cluster-1.png

This section provides a summary of incidents identified by the Syrian Archive in analysis of its violation database in which incendiary munitions were used.
The Atlantic Council&#39;s<a href="http://www.publications.atlanticcouncil.org/breakingaleppo/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BreakingAleppo.pdf"> Breaking Aleppo report </a>has already conducted extensive research into the use of incendiary munitions within Aleppo City in 2016. Similarly, Human Rights Watch has <a href="http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Incendiaries-5-year-review-final.pdf">identified incendiary attacks</a> in the countryside and suburbs around Aleppo between November 2012 and the end of 2015. A gap in the research exists, namely in investigating incendiary attacks occurring in the Aleppo suburbs in the July - December 2016 period.
Through analysing the type of violations found in video footage, time and date of video upload, identifying specific munitions found in videos, and geolocating video footage within and around Aleppo city, the Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of twenty-four (24) incidents in which incendiary munitions were used. A table describing the date, location, reported civilian casualties, reported civilian injuries, type of munition used, and links to the video footage is provided in the Appendix.
In July, one (1) incident involving incendiary munitions was identified. On the night of 9 July, an incident occurred in Jandoul, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. Specific incendiary munition types were unable to be determined.
In August, four (4) incidents involving incendiary munitions were identified. On 7 August an incident in which one person was reported wounded occurred in Al-Mashhad district, Aleppo. While the Syrian Archive was unable to collect and verify any video evidence for this incident, it was able to collect and verify photos, archived on the website. Specific incendiary munition types were unable to be identified.
Two days later on the night of 9 August, an incident involving an incendiary munition occurred in Al-Sheikh Sa&#39;eed district, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video of this incident. Specific incendiary munition types were unable to be identified.
On the night of 25 August an incident occurred in Kafar Naha, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident, which had previously not been reported in Atlantic Council or OHCHR reports. Specific incendiary munition types were unable to be determined. 
On the night of 29 August, an incident in the west countryside of Aleppo occurred. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident, which had not been previously reported in Atlantic Council or OHCHR reports. Specific munition types were able to be identified (ZAB-2.5S/M).
The Syrian Archive was able to identify twelve (12) incidents involving incendiary munitions occurring in September 2016. The first incident identified occurred on the night of 2 September in 1070 area, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive collected and verified one (1) video related to this incident. Specific incendiary munition types were unable to be determined.
On the night of 21 September, another incident involving incendiary munitions was used in Aleppo City. The Syrian Archive was unable to determine which neighborhood was attacked. For this incident the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munitions were not able to be identified.
The following night on 22 September, two incidents involving incendiary munitions were identified. The first occurred in Bustan al-Qasr district, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive has collected and verified two (2) videos related to this incident.The second incident occurred in Kafar Dael, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific incendiary munitions related to these two incidents were not able to be identified.
The next day on 23 September, an incident in which dozens of persons were killed, occurred in Al-Bab road district, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video related to this incident. Specific munition types were able to be identified (ZAB-2.5S/M).
The next day on 24 September, two incidents involving incendiary munitions occurred. The first, in Al-Salheen district, Aleppo, and the second in Harithan, Aleppo. For each case, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munition types were unable to be determined.
The next day on 25 September, four incidents involving incendiary munitions were identified. The first occurred in Al-Mashhad district, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify three (3) videos related to this incident. Specific munition types were also able to be identified, in this case ZAB-2.5S/M. The second occurred in Al-Fardous district, Aleppo. For this, the Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one (1) video. Specific munitions were unable to be identified. The third incident occurred in Bab al-Nayrab district, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive able to collect and verify three (3) videos. It is possible that ZAB-2.5S/M munition were involved in this incident. The fourth incident, which had not been previously reported by the Atlantic Council or OHCHR, occurred at night in Hayyan, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify one video related to this incident. Specific munitions were unable to be determined. 
On 20 September an incident occurred in Al-Sha&#39;ar district, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive was able to collect and verify four videos related to this incident. Specific munitions were also able to be identified (ZAB-2.5S/M)
In October 2016, two incidents involving incendiary munitions were identified. The first occurred during the night of 1 October in Al-Sakhour district, Aleppo. For this, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. The second occurred in Al-Qaterji district, Aleppo. For this, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. Specific incendiary munitions were unable to be determined for either incident.
In November, the Syrian Archive identified five (5) incidents involving incendiary munitions, none of which have been previously reported by OHCHR or the Atlantic Council. The first incident occurred on the night of 6 November in khan Tourman Aleppo. On the night of 11 November, another incident occurred in Darat Izzah, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video for each of these two incidents.
On the night of 12 November, two incidents involving incendiary munitions have been identified. The first, in Maret Artiq, Aleppo, and the second in Al Qasemyeh, Aleppo. The Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video for each of these incidents.
Two days later on the night of 14 November, an incident in Bashqatin, Aleppo involving incendiary munitions was identified. For this incident the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
Specific incendiary munitions were unable to be identified for any attacks in November 2016.

Specific incidents of attacks using incendiary munitions - Eyes on Aleppo

incendiary-1.png

This section provides a summary of attacks identified by the Syrian Archive against specially protected persons and objects.
Using the same methodology as described in the previous investigations, the Syrian Archive was able to identify a total of 50 unique incidents in which violations against specifically protected persons and objects occurred. 
Below is a map that shows the geolocation of the videos and the type of object that has been attacked.
<iframe src="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/embed?mid=1JFceCXhuD5dd0EOnXAP_CLm2kg0" width="750" height="750"></iframe>

<h2>Mosques</h2>
Mosques are a specially protected object under IHL, which states that &quot;It is prohibited to commit an act of hostility directed against places of worship [including mosques] which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples.&quot; A map of violations against mosques is provided below:
In February 2017 UN OHCHR report on Aleppo, only one attack against a mosque was identified, occurring on 19 August at approximately 5PM in the Salah al-Din district of Aleppo. OHCHR attributed the attack on Abdulqader Shasho school and the attached mosque to either Russian or Syrian air strikes. While the school and mosque was not in session during this time, four adults were wounded during the attack. For this incident, the Syrian Archive was unable to locate any video documentation.
The Syrian Archive was, however, able collect and verify evidence of four (4) other attacks against mosques occurring in Aleppo during the July - December 2016 period. Video footage is available on the Syrian Archive website, and a table highlighting available incidents and associated metadata is available in the Appendix to this report. 
The first incident identified by the Syrian Archive was an attack on the Grand Mosque in Anadan city, Aleppo, occurring on 6 September. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified two videos. A few days later on 10 September, the Grand Mosque of Batbo, Aleppo, and separately, the &quot;Abu Ubaidah al Jarrah&quot; mosque in Sukkari, Aleppo were both attacked. The Syrian Archive has collected and verified one video for each of these two incidents. The final incident against mosques identified by the Syrian Archive in the July - December 2016 period occurred on 21 November against the Hussayn mosque in the Katerji neighborhood of Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one video.
<h2>Schools</h2>
Schools are a specially protected object under IHL, paragraph 22 of which states that they may only be the object of attack &quot;when used for military purposes, and such attacks require prior warning when the school is located in a densely populated civilian area. In the February 2017 UN OHCHR report on Aleppo, four (4) incidents against schools were identified.
The first incident identified occurred on 19 August at approximately 5PM in Salah al-Din district by Syrian or Russian airstrikes. In this incident the Abdulqader Shasho school and attached mosque were targeted. While the school was not in session during this time, four adults were injured in the attack. While the school remained open for a short time after the attack, by September the school was relocated within Salah al-Din for the safety of students. In early September, the relocated Abdulqader Shasho school was hit by an airstrike while classes were in session. Nine elementary school students were killed during the attack and dozens more were wounded. For this incident the Syrian Archive has not yet been able to collect or verify any video documentation.
The OHCHR report identified an incident occurring on 2 November in which numerous educational institutions were affected by indiscriminate attacks by armed groups. Indirect mortar projectiles killed at least two female students at the Aleppo University Faculty of Humanities in Al-Farqan district. As of the date of this publication, the Syrian Archive has not yet been able to collect or verify any video documentation for this incident. An additional attack was identified as occurring on 20 November, shortly before 11AM, in which unguided rockets were directed towards Al-Furqan district, striking an elementary school and killing at least seven children. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has not yet been able to collect or verify any video documentation, as of the date of this publication.
The final incident identified in the February OHCHR report occurred on 28 November in which armed groups struct the Maamoun school and an adjacent school in Al-Jamiliyah, Aleppo. At least one 18-year-old student suffered shrapnel injuries, and later died as a result. As of the date of this publication, the Syrian Archive has been unable to collect or verify visual documentation of this incident. 
Based on video footage, the Syrian Archive has been able to identify a further nine (9) incidents on schools in the July - December 2016 period. All incidents and relevant metadata are collected and preserved on the Syrian Archive website, and additionally provided in the Appendix to this report.
An incident was identified as having occurred on 24 July in Anadan, Aleppo as a result of airstrikes. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. On 29 September, another incident was identified by the Syrian Archive in which a school was hit by shelling. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
The Syrian Archive was able to to identify an attack on a school for girls as having occurred on 4 November in Al-Jinah, Aleppo as a result of airstrikes. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified two (2) videos. Another incident against a secondary school and the civil defence center, also from an airstrike, was identified as having occurred on 13 November in Al atarib, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified two (2) videos.
An attack on Aleppo University was found to to have occurred on 18 November. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has found and verified two (2) videos. The Syrian Archive identified an attack against a school occurring on 6 December in Kafar Nouran, Aleppo. For this incident, one (1) video has been collected and verified.
Two incidents against schools by rebels were separately identified as having occurred by RT. The first against Hatam Al Ta-ay school on 13 October, and the second on 28 October against Al Watanya school. For these incidents, the Syrian Archive was able to independently verify that attacks had in fact taken place, based on analysis of other primary and secondary sources. 
<h2>Markets</h2>
The February 2017 OHCHR report found several attacks on markets in their investigations, however as of the date of publication, the Syrian Archive was unable to find and verify visual evidence of these incidents. The Syrian Archive was, however, able to identify a further twelve (12) unique incidents in which markets were attacked based on an analysis of 23 videos. All videos are available on the Syrian Archive website and a summary of relevant information (including metadata), is included in the Appendix of this report.
On 25 July, an incident in which a market was attacked was found to have occurred in Al Atarib, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified five (5) videos. Two days later on 27 July, another attack was found to have occurred on a market in Sakhour, Aleppo, as a result of airstrikes. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
The Syrian Archive has identified an attack on a market occurring on 2 August in Al Atarib, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. One week later, an incident was found to have occurred on 9 August in Sakhour, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. 
On 12 August, an incident was found to have occurred in Uwayjil, Aleppo, targeting a public market. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified four (4) videos. The incident is noteworthy because it was able to be determined that cluster munitions were used unlawfully in the attack.
On 18 August, an incident against a market in Hoor, Aleppo was found to have occurred. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. A few days later on 22 August, an attack against a market was found to have occurred in Sukkari, Aleppo. For this incident the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
On 29 August, the Syrian Archive identified another attack against a market in the Aleppo countryside. This incident is noteworthy not only because it is unlawful, but also because of the use of illegal weapons in the attack. The Syrian Archive was able to determine that incendiary munitions were used in this attack, specifically ZAB-2.5S. For this incident, one (1) video was collected and verified).
An airstrike attack against a Al-Fardos, Aleppo market was identified as having occurred on 12 October. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified four (4) videos. One month later, on 18 November, the same market was attacked again in an airstrike attack. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
On 23 November, another market in Kafar Naha, Aleppo was attacked, reportedly due to shellings. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. A few days later, on 6 December, a separate market in Al Atarib, Aleppo was unlawfully attacked. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. 
<h2>Bakeries</h2>
The February 2017 OHCHR report on the situation in Aleppo found several incidents of attacks against bakeries. Attacks on bakeries or other food sources are unlawful under rule 54 of International Humanitarian Law, which prohibits attacks against objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, which it defines as including but not limited to foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies, and irrigation works.
On 28 September, the report found that an attack by either Syrian or Russian air forces occurred at approximately 3AM before morning prayers on a bakery in al-Maadi district while inhabitants lined up for bread. The bakery, which served almost 6,000 people was destroyed. Eight civilians, including one of the bakery owners, were killed in the attack, and at least 19 others were injured. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified two (2) videos.
The following day, on 29 September, the Syrian Archive has identified an attack on a bakery in the Aleppo countryside as a result of an airstrike. The attack took place in Anadan, Aleppo, destroying its last bakery. For this incident, the Syrian Archive collected and verified three (3) videos.
The following day on 30 September, OHCHR found evidence of an attack on the Azizi bakery, also from an airstrike, occurred in al-Haydaria, Aleppo. More than 15 civilians were killed, including the owner. As of the date of publication, the Syrian Archive was unable to collect and verify any videos of this attack.
The Syrian Archive found evidence of an attack on a last remaining bakery in Al Atarib, Aleppo, occurring on 2 November. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. 
<h2>Hospitals</h2>
Much has been written about attacks against hospitals in Aleppo city in the Atlantic Council and UN OHCHR reports. For this reason, and in order to not duplicate findings, while this report will mention specific incidents when relevant, deeper analysis will not be provided in this report. Attacks against hospitals are illegal under International Humanitarian Law as they fall under the category of specially protected persons and objects.
Incidents occurring in the Aleppo countryside, however, have not been focused extensively in existing reports, and will form the bulk of this section. An analysis of 43 collected and verified videos by the Syrian Archive found a total number of eleven (11) incidents in which hospitals were attacked.
On 14 July in Kafr Hamrah, Aleppo, an attack on the only hospital left it permanently out of service. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified four (4) videos.
Two days later on 16 July, an attack against the Omar bin AbdulAziz hospital in Ma&#39;adi, Aleppo was found to have occurred. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified three (3) videos. The Syrian Archive has additionally created a 3D video showing damage to the Omar Bin AbdulAziz hospital through a process of scanning and processing digital images from one of the videos. See below:
 <iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6EJUuhRN4KA" width="660" height="415" frameborder="0"></iframe>

The 3D structure helped to identify details in the room unseen in a normal video, such as viewing objects at various angles. This methodology has the potential to assist in future verification work in other contexts.
The following week on 23 July, an attack on Al-Daqa hospital as a result of Russian or Syrian Airstrikes was found to have occurred in Alshaar, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. The week following this incident, on 31 July, a hospital was attacked in Anadan, Aleppo as a result of airstrikes. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video.
On 12 August, another attack against a hospital in Kafr Hamrah, Aleppo was found to have occurred. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified one (1) video. Four days later on 16 August, an airstrike targeted a hospital in Darat Izzah, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified two (2) videos.
On 1 October an attack against the Al Sakhour hospital in Sakhour, Aleppo was found to have occurred. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified fourteen (14) videos. The incident is noteworthy as the Syrian Archive was able to identify specific cluster munitions used in the attack, in this PTAB-1M submunitions and RBK-500 casings. Additionally, the Syrian Archive found evidence of incendiary munitions being used, however specific make and model numbers were unable to be identified.
On 14 November two separate attacks against hospitals have been found to have occurred both of which as a result of either Russian or Syrian airstrikes. The first occurred against Beyouty hospital in Urum al-Kubra, for which the Syrian Archive has collected and verified three (3) videos. The second, documented in a March 2017 UN OHCHR report, occurred shortly after 11AM, which hit the hospital of Atarib, the Civil Defence centre and a celebrations hall, hit the hospital four times forcing it to close permanently. The attack also destroyed an ambulance and injured three (3) children. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and documented three (3) videos. 
The next day on 15 November, airstrikes were found to have hit Oweijel hospital in Umayjil, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified six (6) videos. Three days following this on 18 November, Al Bayan hospital was hit by airstrikes in Alshaar, Aleppo. For this incident, the Syrian Archive has collected and verified five (5) videos. 
<h2>Arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention</h2>
There are several reports of civilians being detained or <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-crisis-latest-rebel-assad-blame-un-lack-evacuations-a7374081.html">prevented</a> from evacuating Aleppo. Syrian and Russian forces claimed that rebel groups were preventing people from evacuating, and rebel groups claimed that Syrian and Russian forces controlled checkpoints.
In December 2016, Syrian government forces made advances into eastern Aleppo, forcing thousands of women, men and children out of their homes. Many people were reported to be disappeared during the evacuation. Among them includes AbdulHadi Kamel, a volunteer rescue worker with the Syrian Civil Defense. After his disappearance, <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/01/man-missing-during-east-aleppo-evacuation/">Amnesty International began a campaign</a> to locate and release him.
In <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlL8660ZViQ">one leaked video</a> of an evacuation obtained by the Syrian Archive, soldiers in military uniforms can be seen searching and detaining evacuated civilians, asking them to remove clothing and lay on the ground. Some detainees appear to have hoods covering their faces.
<iframe allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zlL8660ZViQ" width="660" height="415" frameborder="0"></iframe>

The soldiers are heard speaking in Syrian and Lebanese dialect. The <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/A3sqZ2G4Raw">video has been geolocated </a>next to Al Ramousah roundabout and 1070 apartments project and though based on witness testimony has been dated to 16 December 2016. 
<img src="/uploads/Aleppo_evacuation_2_948a0bfb34.jpg" alt="Aleppo_evacuation_2">
In this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLN0vOwS4Og">witness testimony video taken</a> by Aleppo Media Center, Ebrahim Abu Al leith mentions that during the evacuation on 16 December 2016 he was detailed while traveling on a bus to Aleppo countryside. The bus was stopped between Al Ramousa roundabout and 1070 apartments project as seen in the video below:
<img src="/uploads/Cameralocationofleakedvideo_3300a7640b.jpg" alt="Cameralocationofleakedvideo">
This confirms what has is shown in the first leaked video, as it is in the same location as the second video. In the second video, Ebrahim mentioned the presence of Hezbollah forces in the location, confirming the Lebanese accent from the first leaked video.
Ebrahim also mentions that men and young boys were asked to leave the buses and get on the ground, as seen in the first leaked video. He also mentions that some people were executed by the army and that soldiers in the Syrian army or Hezbollah militia were recording video on their smart phones. What is clear from this video is that in this particular incident, government forces introduced barriers to easy evacuation.

INVESTIGATIONS

Eyes on Aleppo

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Eyes on Aleppo

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INVESTIGATIONS